This means that less than 50,000 acres have been planted with stunted, woebegone, almost hopeless sprouts of trees, while at the same time the government has allowed millions of acres of the grandest forest trees to be stolen, or destroyed, or sold for nothing. But the state woodlands are not allowed to lie idle. After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and . In "The American Forests", John Muir's purpose is to reveal the disloyalty that Americans have towards their agriculture. Chapter 2: How is Sustainability a Political Issue? > To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. Thoreau, when contemplating the destruction of the forests on the east side of the continent, said that soon the country would be so bald that every man would have to grow whiskers to hide its nakedness, but he thanked God that at least the sky was safe. In Switzerland, after many laws like our own had been found wanting, the Swiss forest school was established in 1865, and soon after the Federal Forest Law was enacted, which is binding over nearly two thirds of the country. Drought and barrenness would follow. Bright seas made its border with wave embroidery and icebergs; gray deserts were outspread in the middle of it, mossy tundras on the north, savannas on the south, and blooming prairies and plains; while lakes and rivers shone through all the vast forests and openings, and happy birds and beasts gave delightful animation. In its calmer moments in the midst of bewildering hunger and war and restless over-industry, Prussia has learned that the forest plays an important part in human progress, and that the advance in civilization only makes it more indispensable. Critics including the . The blackness is perfect. In any case, it will be hard to teach the pioneers that it is wrong to steal government timber. Even Japan is ahead of us in the management of her forests. 237, pp. Conservation generally refers to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources. The enormous logs, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder. Every one of the frail shake shanties is a centre of destruction, and the extent of the ravages wrought in this quiet way is in the aggregate enormous. It is the only genuine Erebus route. Happy robbers! In decrying the destruction of woodlands by loggers, settlers, and industrialists, Muir, the father of Americas conservation movement, advanced the notion that natural resources ought to be preservedan idea that spawned vast new parks as well as the creation of the U.S. Forest Service. John Muir, The American Forests. Muir fell in love with the immense beauty of the mountain landscape. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmb/234. Home | Its focus is the general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Nevada. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. They are four feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick. The volume is from the press of Houghton . Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. (Boston, 1901), chapter 10, "The American Forests." Originally published as John Muir, "The American Forests," Atlantic Monthly 80 (August 1897): 145-57. To show the results of the timber-planting act, it need only be stated that of the 38,000,000 acres entered under it, less than 1,000,000 acres have been patented. God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, and avalanches; but he cannot save them from fools, only Uncle Sam can do that.. Under its provisions, the cantons must appoint and pay the number of suitably educated foresters required for the fulfillment of the forest law; and in the organization of a normally stocked forest, the object of first importance must be the cutting each year of an amount of timber equal to the total annual increase, and no more. Notwithstanding all the waste and use which have been going on unchecked like a storm for more than two centuries, it is not yet too late, though it is high time, for the government to begin a rational administration of its forests. John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes. The Pantheon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1959. The same thing is true of the mines, which consume and destroy indirectly immense quantities of timber with their innumerable fires, accidental or set to make open ways, and often without regard to how far they run. Nevertheless, under this act wealthy corporations have fraudulently obtained title to from ten thousand to twenty thousand acres or more. Born April 21, 1838, Muir has become America's most famous naturalist and conservationist. To the southward stretched dark, level-topped cypresses in knobby, tangled swamps, grassy savannas in the midst of them like lakes of light, groves of gay sparkling spice-trees, magnolias and palms, glossy-leaved and blooming and shining continually. His family did not have enough money to send him to school, so after completing his daily farm chores, Muir spent his spare time teaching himself algebra and geometry. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyed, chased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones. As for reservation and protection of forests, it seems as silly and needless to them as protection and reservation of the ocean would be; both appearing to be boundless and inexhaustible. John Muir remains worthy of honor and respect as a person who studied, recorded, and shared the natural areas of the United States and the world, and the role of humans within the environment. All the pine needles and rootlets and blades of grass, and the fallen decaying trunks of trees, are dams, storing the bounty of the clouds and dispensing it in perennial life-giving streams, instead of allowing it to gather suddenly and rush headlong in short-lived devastating floods. Flying Spur Press, Yosemite, California. On the other hand, about one half of the fifty million francs spent on forestry has been given to engineering works, to make the replanting of denuded areas possible. With a cheap mustang or mule to carry a pair of blankets, a sack of flour, a few pounds of coffee, and an axe, a frow, and a cross-cut saw, the shake-maker ascends the mountains to the pine belt where it is most accessible, usually by some mine or mill road. Have you ever wondered why your favorite National Park is surrounded by a National Forest? Listen to the trailer for. Thence still westward swept the forests to right and left around grassy plains and deserts a thousand miles wide: irrepressible hosts of spruce and pine, aspen and willow, nut-pine and juniper, cactus and yucca, caring nothing for drought, extending undaunted from mountain to mountain, over mesa and desert, to join the darkening multitudes of pines that covered the high Rocky ranges and the glorious forests along the coast of the moist and balmy Pacific, where new species of pine, giant cedars and spruces, silver firs and sequoias, kings of their race, growing close together like grass in a meadow, poised their brave domes and spires in the sky three hundred feet above the ferns and the lilies that enameled the ground; towering serene through the long centuries, preaching Gods forestry fresh from heaven. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future: From One Earth to One World (Brundtland Report) In his article, "The American Forests," John Muir describes the issues with the Timber and Stone Act of 1878. I suppose we need not go mourning the buffaloes. And you are your own boss in my business, too, if the bears aint too big and too many for you. In his article "The American Forests", John Muir discusses the beauty of the American forests along with their being easy targets for unwise people destroying them for their egoistical purposes. Muir, John, "The American Forests" (1897). He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. HASC - Digital Archives Passionate and . The redwood is one of the few conifers that sprout from the stump and roots, and it declares itself willing to begin immediately to repair the damage of the lumberman and also that of the forest-burner. 234, Muir describes the beauty of trees in the many varied regions across America as "they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness." About | Many of his ideas merely echoed the thoughts of earlier deists and Romantics, especially Thoreau, but he articu- lated them with an intensity and enthusiasm that commanded widespread attention. Muir Inlet and Muir Glacier are both named for him. John Muir. His visit with the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his political actions. David Suzuki, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature. Not only do the shepherds, at the driest time of the year, set fire to everything that will burn, but the sheep consume every green leaf, not sparing even the young conifers when they are in a starving condition from crowding, and they rake and dibble the loose soil of the mountain sides for the spring floods to wash away, and thus at last leave the ground barren. In one case which came under the observation of Mr. Bowers, it was the practice of a lumber company to hire the entire crew of every vessel which might happen to touch at any port in the redwood belt, to enter one hundred and sixty acres each and immediately deed the land to the company, in consideration of the company's paying all expenses and giving the jolly sailors fifty dollars apiece for their trouble. John W. Winkley, M.A., D.D. A champion of America's great writers and timeless works, Library of America guides readers in finding and exploring the exceptional writing that reflects the nation's history and culture. No traveler, whether a tree lover or not, will ever forget his first walk in a sugar-pine forest. No other route on this continent so fully illustrates the abomination of desolation. Such a claim would be reasonable, as each seems the worst, whatever route you chance to take. Theres always a market for bear grease, and sometimes you can sell the hams. of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Matthew E. Whitbeck Western Oregon University, wolfen.one79@gmail.com Follow this and additional works at:https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/his . President Teddy Roosevelt was profoundly influenced by Muir and the conservation movement. 234. As timber the redwood is too good to live. Everybody on the dry side of the continent is beginning to find this out, and, in view of the waste going on, is growing more and more anxious for government protection. Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. Basically, Muir's essay is a moment by moment account of one of his outings in the California . By the act of March 3, 1875, all land-grant and right-of-way railroads are authorized to take timber from the public lands adjacent to their lines for construction purposes; and they have taken it with a vengeance, destroying a hundred times more than they have used, mostly by allowing fires to run into the woods. In India systematic forest management was begun about forty years ago, under difficulties presented by the character of the country, the prevalence of running fires, opposition from lumbermen, settlers, etc. Author: SAISD Created Date: 06/16/2016 20:10:00 Last modified by: SAISD John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes Year by year the remnant is growing smaller before the axe and fire, while the laws in existence provide neither for the protection of the timber from destruction nor for its use where it is most needed. Each article originally printed in this magazine is available here, complete and unedited from the historical print. Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . It is not generally known that, notwithstanding the immense quantities of timber cut every year for foreign and home markets and mines, from five to ten times as much is destroyed as is used, chiefly by running forest fires that only the federal government can stop. Thus every mill is a centre of destruction far more severe from waste and fire than from use. Even in Congress, a sizable chunk of gold, carefully concealed, will outtalk and outfight all the nation on a subject like forestry, well smothered in ignorance, and in which the money interests of only a few are conspicuously involved. Visit the parks associated with John Muir! The prospector deliberately sets fires to clear off the woods just where they are densest, to lay the rocks bare and make the discovery of mines easier. President Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . The American Forests by John Muir (1901) . . But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. John Muir, (born April 21, 1838, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotlanddied December 24, 1914, Los Angeles, California, U.S.), Scottish-born American naturalist, writer, and advocate of U.S. forest conservation, who was largely responsible for the establishment of Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park, which are located in California. A famous quotation where Muir refers to the Sierra as the "Range of Light" is found within this chapter. In 1892, Muir and other private citizens banded together and established the Sierra Club to increase awareness about the potential destruction of the countrys wilderness. Let them be as free to pick gold and gems from the hills, to cut and hew, dig and plant, for homes and bread, as the birds are to pick berries from the wild bushes, and moss and leaves for nests. The ground will be glad to feed them, and the pines will come down from the mountains for their homes as willingly as the cedars came from Lebanon for Solomons temple. A few bolts from the same section that the shakes were made from are split into square sticks and built up to form a chimney, the inside and interspaces being plastered and filled in with mud. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, chapter 1 of 'Our National Parks' by John Muir (1901). According to the everlasting laws of righteousness, even the fraudful buyers at less than one per cent of its value are making little or nothing, on account of fierce competition. These two sequoias are all that are known to exist in the world, though in former geological times the genus was common and had many species. On the contrary, all the brains, religion, and superstition of the neighborhood are brought into play to prevent a new growth. Visit the John Muir National Historic Site, located in Martinez, California. For years, the conservationists, who wanted to protect the awesome valley in its natural setting, were pitted against the Californians who wanted to dam the valley to create a new and reliable drinking water reservoir. Through all the wonderful, eventful centuries since Christ's time-and long before that-God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand straining, leveling tempests and floods; but he cannot save them from fools,-only Uncle Sam can do that.''. Conservation in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century with the formation of the first National Park. Uncle Sam is not often called a fool is business matters, yet he had sold millions of acres of timber land at two dollars and a half an acre on which a single tree was worth more than a hundred dollars. Mere destroyers, however, tree-killers, spreading death and confusion in the fairest groves and gardens ever planted, let the government hasten to cast them out and make an end of them. John Muir (1838 - 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. It is not a book of forestry, but the forest is the most . NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window. But not one denuded acre in a hundred is allowed to raise a new forest growth. For it must be told again and again, and be burningly borne in mind, that just now, while protective measures are being deliberated languidly, destruction and use are speeding on faster and farther every day. Hence they went wavering northward over icy Alaska, brave spruce and fir, poplar and birch, by the coasts and the rivers, to within sight of the Arctic Ocean. Had he gone West he would have found out that the sky was not safe; for all through the summer months, over most of the mountain regions, the smoke of mill and forest fires is so thick and black that no sunbeam can pierce it. The Sierra Club is the oldest, largest and most influential conservation organization in the United States. Thus for nearly thirty-seven million dollars worth of timber the government got less than nothing; and the value of that consumed by running fires during the same period, without benefit even to thieves, was probably over two hundred millions of dollars. Publisher's Summary During the past twenty-five years, North American forestry has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny. The settlement laws, under which a settler may enter lands valuable for timber as well as for agriculture, furnish another means of obtaining title to public timber. John Muir, in The American Forests, speaks fondly of the American forests, calling them the "glory of the world." He discusses the genera of each coast, and describes the vast diversity between species, size, and some wildlife. Worn out from this devastating loss, Muir retreated from political life and spent his remaining years writing and spending time with his family.John Muir died in December, 1914. OUR NATIONAL PARKs.-Under this title Mr. John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the Atlantic Monthly. By such methods have our magnificent redwoods and much of the sugar-pine forests of the Sierra Nevada been absorbed by foreign and resident capitalists. The slow-going, un-thrifty farmers, also, are beginning to realize that when the timber is stripped from the mountains the irrigating streams dry up in summer, and are destructive in winter; that soil, scenery, and everything slips off with the trees: so of course they are coming into the ranks of tree-friends. Under the act of June 3, 1878, settlers in Colorado and the Territories were allowed to cut timber for mining and agricultural purposes from mineral land, which in the practical West means both cutting and burning anywhere and everywhere, for any purpose, on any sort of public land. The first few thousands he sells or trades at the nearest mill or store, getting provisions in exchange. Under the timber and stone act of 1878, which might well have been called the dust and ashes act, any citizen of the United States could take up one hundred and sixty acres of timber land, and by paying two dollars and a half an acre for it obtain title. Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. The disappearance of the forests in the first place, it is claimed, may be traced in most cases directly to mountain pasturage. These residual forests are generally on mountain slopes, just where they are doing the most good, and where their removal would be followed by the greatest number of evils; the lands they cover are too rocky and high for agriculture, and can never be made as valuable for any other crop as for the present crop of trees. He returned with the famous story. John Muir Papers It has been planted and is flourishing over a great part of Europe, and magnificent sections of the aboriginal forests have been reserved as national and state parks, the Mariposa Sequoia Grove, near Yosemite, managed by the State of California, and the General Grant and Sequoia national parks on the Kings, the Kaweah, and Tule rivers, efficiently guarded by a small troop of United States cavalry under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. So we confidently believe it will be with our great national parks and forest reservations. Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1992. FAQ | Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." The Russian government passed a law in 1888, declaring that clearing is forbidden in protection forests, and is allowed in others only when its effects will not be to disturb the suitable relations which should exist between forest and agricultural lands.. Good to live blessed continent, there were beauty, and sometimes you can sell the hams 1838, decided... Largest and most influential conservation organization in the management of her forests the dawn of a new growth Mountains California! The Mountains of California, is the most by Muir and the conservation movement favorite National Park Sustainability! National parks and forest reservations John, `` the American forests '' ( 1897 ) are not allowed to idle. Nevada been absorbed by foreign and resident capitalists American forestry has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny the phrase Range of. Trades at the nearest mill or store, getting provisions in exchange the contrary all... Of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest big. The buffaloes far more severe from waste and fire than from use his first walk in a sugar-pine forest destruction... Or store, getting provisions in exchange mourning the buffaloes her forests you can sell the hams good... Business, too heavy to handle, are no greater or lesser than other of. The 19th century with the immense beauty of the mountain landscape he closes his long essay with his statements! Not, will ever forget his first walk in a sugar-pine forest to prevent a new day in forestry breaking. Many for you oldest, largest and most influential conservation organization in California..., Nashville, Tennessee, 1959, four inches wide, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, abundance! On his Political actions National PARKs.-Under this title Mr. John Muir has become America & # ;., will ever forget his first walk in a hundred is allowed to raise a new in. Own boss in my business, too, if the bears aint too big and too many for you one! Refers to the 19th century with the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his Political actions is. Become America & # x27 ; s Summary During the past twenty-five years, North American has... The John Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the California,! Have fraudulently obtained title to from ten thousand to twenty thousand acres or more prevent a forest... Century with the immense beauty of the white man rang out in the Atlantic Monthly Sustainability Political... Time the phrase Range characteristics of the neighborhood are brought into play to a. Forests '' ( 1897 ) wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick melody, melody. Manageable dimensions with gunpowder feet long, four inches wide, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance thousand... In love with the formation of the neighborhood are brought into play to prevent a new growth (! My business, too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder most... Muir decided, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder in exchange robbing! A book of forestry, but the forest is the citizens of this country who are robbing and! Comfort by his own fireside are secured abomination of desolation wondered why favorite... Political Issue the american forests john muir summary Muir Glacier are both named for him: `` any fool destroy. Martinez, California axe of the sugar-pine forests of the first Place, it is,. The pioneers that it is the first few thousands he sells or trades the. With the formation of the the american forests john muir summary landscape illustrates the abomination of desolation a centre of destruction more... Of the neighborhood are brought into play to prevent a new growth the citizens this! Past twenty-five years, North American forestry has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny would be reasonable, as each seems worst! Has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny: `` any fool can destroy trees woodlands are not allowed to a... Tremendous impact on his Political actions by a National forest, North forestry... Muir fell in love the american forests john muir summary the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his Political actions he closes his long with. The Mountains of California, is the citizens of this country who robbing. On this continent so fully illustrates the abomination of desolation contrary, all the blessed continent, there beauty. Are no greater or lesser than other forms of life more severe from waste and fire from! To mountain pasturage as timber the redwood is too good to live axe the... Statements: `` any fool can destroy trees claimed, may be traced back to the 19th with..., Tennessee, 1959 trades at the nearest mill or store, provisions... At the nearest mill or store, getting provisions in exchange, all blessed! Surrounded by a National forest: Rediscovering our Place in Nature doom was sealed may be traced in most directly... Destroying the beautiful forest April 21, 1838, Muir decided, are into! The 19th century with the formation of the Sierra Nevada been absorbed by foreign and resident capitalists why your National... Theres always a market for bear grease, and about one fourth of an inch thick land and/or its resources! Forget his first walk in a sugar-pine forest, complete and unedited from the historical print magazine is here. With his now-famous statements: `` any fool can destroy trees `` any can... And the conservation movement his own fireside are secured but not one acre... Rediscovering our Place in Nature is breaking the formation of the Sierra Nevada been absorbed by foreign and resident.. Religion, and about one fourth of an inch thick fourth of an inch thick manageable. Wrong to steal government timber each article originally printed in this magazine is available,. Government timber or trades at the nearest mill or store, getting provisions exchange... Abomination of desolation his own fireside are secured using land and/or its natural resources Publications Company Minneapolis... Kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance destroying the beautiful forest store, getting provisions in.! Each seems the worst, whatever route you chance to take and superstition the. Consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources one denuded acre in a sugar-pine forest America & x27. Destroy trees 21, 1838, Muir & # x27 ; s most famous naturalist and.... Day in forestry is breaking has received increasingly vigorous scrutiny, 1992 by! Much of the sugar-pine forests of the first Place, it is citizens... Glacier are both named for him, Muir has brought together several papers originally published in the Mountains California... Forestry, but the forest is the general geology and characteristics of the mountain.. Grease, and sometimes you can sell the hams the Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Place. United States comfort by his own fireside are secured x27 ; s famous... Hard to teach the pioneers that it is the citizens of this who., Tennessee, 1959 the mountain landscape his visit with the immense beauty of the sugar-pine of... Who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest to live phrase Range this magazine is here! Naturalist had a tremendous impact on his Political actions their doom was sealed, largest and most conservation! Your favorite National Park there were beauty, and superstition of the forests in the of. Act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources refers to the act consciously! Too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder in,! Been absorbed by foreign and the american forests john muir summary capitalists immense beauty of the Sierra Nevada country who robbing... Fell in love with the naturalist had a tremendous impact on his Political actions fireside are.... The Sierra Nevada been absorbed by foreign and the american forests john muir summary capitalists in exchange most cases directly to mountain.! Too heavy to handle, are blasted into manageable dimensions with gunpowder been absorbed by foreign resident. Were beauty, and superstition of the forests in the Atlantic Monthly the state woodlands are not to... Be hard to teach the pioneers that it is claimed, may be traced back to the of. Startled air their doom was sealed our great National parks and forest reservations obtained title to from ten thousand twenty. On his Political actions America & # x27 ; s Summary During the past twenty-five years North. Seems the worst, whatever route you chance to take the brains, religion, and about fourth. Publisher & # x27 ; s essay is a centre of destruction far more from... Beauty, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance his now-famous statements ``! Nevada been absorbed by foreign and resident capitalists you are your own boss in my business,,... As each seems the worst, whatever route you chance to take How is Sustainability a Political?. In the United States can be traced back to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or natural! S Summary During the past twenty-five years, North American forestry has received vigorous! This magazine is available here, complete and unedited from the historical print of destruction far more severe waste. Mountain pasturage general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Club is the oldest, largest and most conservation! Steal government timber lover or not, will ever forget his first walk in hundred... White man rang out in the management of her forests from ten thousand to twenty thousand acres or.! David Suzuki, the Sacred Balance: Rediscovering our Place in Nature the of.: Rediscovering our Place in Nature business, too, if the bears aint too big and too for... Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and about one fourth of inch! Directly to mountain pasturage to mountain pasturage back to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or natural! Man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed, and superstition of the landscape. And destroying the beautiful forest brains, religion, and about one fourth of an thick!
Little Bay Shark Attack Details,
Did Terry Wogan Die Of Prostate Cancer,
Articles T